There are 2 or 3 instances of loud ringing noises. They are not quite as awful for me as what was in Star Trek Strange New Worlds Season 2 Episode 4: The Lotus Eaters but even when wearing my ear plugs the sound penetrated through them.
Sort of (but usually only in the context of simulations, "holodeck" recreational activities of the crew which they choose to act out). There might be a kidnapping/restraint scene I've forgotten, but mainly holodeck comes to mind.
S1e2, Envoys: A Klingon ambassador drinks to excess, falls down, passes out, drives/flies drunk, and vomits at different times throughout the episode. (It's hard to pin down times because it's only 25min per ep.) If alcohol abuse bothers you, skip this one.
No, the "manipulative, evil supercomputer" in s2:e7 doesn't count, and it's only buried in the dirt a few hours so Mariner and Boimler can take a nap. They unearth it, and (much later) it is secured at the Daystrom Institute with hundreds of other evil supercomputers.
*Spoilers for Season 5 Episode 1*
The Cerritos ends up in a parallel universe where it is implied that parallel universe Captain Freeman is dead. No description or visual of how this happened has been shown. (as of episode 2 being released.)
The only thing that comes close is the mention of a sonic shower. Some characters are shown wearing towels as if they are coming back from the sonic showers.
No, unless "hyposprays" applied through clothing without leaving a mark count. You hear a burst of compressed air as if through a spray can. There are no needles/syringes.
S2E7 Where Pleasant Fountains Lie may be triggering, a mother is excessively interested in her son’s virginity and keeps trying to trick him into having sex (with others) so he will become King.
Someone loses consciousness and almost drowns in the pool in Cetacean Ops in s2:e10 after his suit tears, but he is brought to the surface and resuscitated successfully by his friend. No one drowns/dies-by-drowning.