There's an aggressive dog guarding one section of the game. To get past it, you have to feed it meat tainted with an ambiguous poison. The Stranger comments that the dog seemed happy to pass on from this place.
You have to poison a dog and throw small rocks at talking birds to progress. The dog is said to be happy to pass on, and the birds are only mildly annoyed by the rocks.
The blind man by the tree has had his eyes willingly removed, and you see the sockets where they used to be. You take an eye from another creature without any gore, and the blind man puts it back in one of his sockets. Also, The Stranger throws a dagger into an eye at the top of a door to progress. Again, there is no gore.
Two of the three possible endings are sad (letting The Stranger kill himself or fighting the Dark Thing and ultimately failing), and one is happy (using the orb The Woman gave you to escape Strangeland).
There's a man-sized cicada you must ride to get to certain areas in the game. There's also a cutscene where The Woman gets covered in spiders that crawl all over her and turn her to dust.
The Woman is heavily implied to have died of cancer--we see her without her golden hair a few times, and the monster guarding her is a giant crab. Apart from having no hair in a few scenes, though, we don't see the physical effects.
The Stranger has to fall to his death a few times to progress, though he gets brought back. The Woman falls down a well at the start in what appears to be a suicide, but she (or rather, her fragment in The Stranger's mind) survives.